Overwrite the Return Address on the Stack

Implement a C program that demonstrates return address overwriting.

Requirements:

• Show stack layout with buffer, saved frame pointer, and return address
• Calculate and document the exact offset to the return address
• Simulate overwriting the return address with a controlled value
• Explain how execution flow is hijacked
• Discuss shellcode injection conceptually (no actual shellcode execution)
• Document why modern systems require more advanced techniques

Success Criteria:

• Offset to return address is calculated and printed
• Return address overwrite is demonstrated conceptually
• Execution flow change is explained